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Zener diode - translation to English
![SEM ([[scanning electron microscope]]) image of a commercial laser diode with its case and window cut away. The anode connection on the right has been accidentally broken by the case cut process.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Laser diode with case cut away.jpg?width=200 "SEM ([[scanning electron microscope]]) image of a commercial laser diode with its case and window cut away. The anode connection on the right has been accidentally broken by the case cut process.")
![Lumileds]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2007-07-24 High-power light emitting diodes (Luxeon, Lumiled).jpg?width=200 "Lumileds]])")
![[[Blue]] LEDs](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Blue light emitting diodes over a proto-board.jpg?width=200 "[[Blue]] LEDs")
![mains voltage]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Br20 1.jpg?width=200 "mains voltage]]")
![Illustration of [[Haitz's law]], showing improvement in light output per LED over time, with a logarithmic scale on the vertical axis](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Haitz-law.svg?width=200 "Illustration of [[Haitz's law]], showing improvement in light output per LED over time, with a logarithmic scale on the vertical axis")
 8.5.4.2.svg?width=200)
.svg?width=200 "Parts of a conventional LED. The flat bottom surfaces of the anvil and post embedded inside the epoxy act as anchors, to prevent the conductors from being forcefully pulled out via mechanical strain or vibration.")
![[[Daytime running light]] LEDs of an automobile](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LED DaytimeRunningLights.jpg?width=200 "[[Daytime running light]] LEDs of an automobile")
![Los Angeles [[Vincent Thomas Bridge]] illuminated with blue LEDs](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Los Angeles Bridge.jpg?width=200 "Los Angeles [[Vincent Thomas Bridge]] illuminated with blue LEDs")
![Round]]'s original experiment from 1907.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SiC LED historic.jpg?width=200 "Round]]'s original experiment from 1907.")
![surface mount LED]]s in most common sizes. They can be much smaller than a traditional 5{{nbsp}}mm lamp type LED, shown on the upper left corner.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Single and multicolor surface mount miniature LEDs in most common sizes.jpg?width=200 "surface mount LED]]s in most common sizes. They can be much smaller than a traditional 5{{nbsp}}mm lamp type LED, shown on the upper left corner.")
![surface mount LED]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Surface mount LED close up image.png?width=200 "surface mount LED]]")
![LEDs are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes. The color of the plastic lens is often the same as the actual color of light emitted, but not always. For instance, purple plastic is often used for infrared LEDs, and most blue devices have colorless housings. Modern high-power LEDs such as those used for lighting and backlighting are generally found in [[surface-mount technology]] (SMT) packages (not shown).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Verschiedene LEDs.jpg?width=200 "LEDs are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes. The color of the plastic lens is often the same as the actual color of light emitted, but not always. For instance, purple plastic is often used for infrared LEDs, and most blue devices have colorless housings. Modern high-power LEDs such as those used for lighting and backlighting are generally found in [[surface-mount technology]] (SMT) packages (not shown).")
![Very small (1.6×1.6×0.35{{nbsp}}mm) red, green, and blue surface mount miniature LED package with gold [[wire bonding]] details.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Very small 1.6x1.6x0.35 mm RGB Surface Mount LED EAST1616RGBA2.jpg?width=200 "Very small (1.6×1.6×0.35{{nbsp}}mm) red, green, and blue surface mount miniature LED package with gold [[wire bonding]] details.")
![Stokes-shifted]] light emitted by the Ce<sup>3+</sup>:YAG phosphor, which emits at roughly 500–700 nm](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White LED.png?width=200 "Stokes-shifted]] light emitted by the Ce<sup>3+</sup>:YAG phosphor, which emits at roughly 500–700 nm")
![A large LED display behind a [[disc jockey]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LED screen behind Tsach Zimroni in Tel Aviv Israel.jpg?width=200 "A large LED display behind a [[disc jockey]]")
![[[Seven-segment display]] that can display four digits and points](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LED Digital Display.jpg?width=200 "[[Seven-segment display]] that can display four digits and points")
![LED panel light source used in an early experiment on [[potato]] growth during Shuttle mission [[STS-73]] to investigate the potential for growing food on future long duration missions.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LED panel and plants.jpg?width=200 "LED panel light source used in an early experiment on [[potato]] growth during Shuttle mission [[STS-73]] to investigate the potential for growing food on future long duration missions.")
Definition
Wikipedia
A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards" (inverted polarity) when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached.
Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even variable. Some Zener diodes have an abrupt, heavily doped p–n junction with a low Zener voltage, in which case the reverse conduction occurs due to electron quantum tunnelling in the short distance between p and n regions − this is known as the Zener effect, after Clarence Zener. Diodes with a higher Zener voltage have lighter doped junctions which causes their mode of operation to involve avalanche breakdown. Both breakdown types are present in Zener diodes with the Zener effect predominating at lower voltages and avalanche breakdown at higher voltages.
They are used to generate low-power stabilized supply rails from a higher voltage and to provide reference voltages for circuits, especially stabilized power supplies. They are also used to protect circuits from overvoltage, especially electrostatic discharge.
